Which type of memory is primarily used for long-term data storage in CPS nodes?

Non-volatile memory is specifically designed to retain data even when the power is turned off, making it ideal for long-term data storage in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) nodes. This type of memory includes technologies such as flash memory and certain types of ROM, which are essential for storing firmware, configuration settings, and critical data that must persist through power cycles.

In the context of CPS architecture, the reliability and integrity of long-term data storage are crucial, as this data often supports operational functions and decision-making processes. Non-volatile memory ensures that this information is available and intact whenever the node is powered on, safeguarding against data loss during unexpected power interruptions.

Other types of memory, such as RAM, are volatile and only retain data while the device is powered on, which makes them unsuitable for long-term storage. Furthermore, intermediate and temporary storage typically serve more transient functions within the computational processes, focusing on short-term data handling rather than long-term data permanence. Thus, the use of non-volatile memory is critical for effective long-term data management in CPS nodes.