Which technology allows devices to operate autonomously by responding to stimuli without human help?

The technology that enables devices to operate autonomously by responding to stimuli without human intervention is primarily associated with embedded systems. Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that integrate hardware and software designed to perform dedicated functions. They often utilize sensors and actuators to monitor and respond to their environment seamlessly.

In the context of autonomous operation, these systems can take inputs from various stimuli and process that information to take necessary actions, all without requiring human help. Real-time response is a key feature of embedded systems, as it emphasizes the ability to react promptly to external events as they occur, which is crucial for maintaining autonomy.

While ubiquitous computing refers to the integration of computational capabilities into everyday objects, it does not necessarily imply autonomous functioning. Sleep states pertain more to power management in devices rather than their operational independence. Thus, embedded systems encompass the core principles that facilitate autonomous behavior in devices through direct interaction with their environment, establishing them as the main answer to the question.