Which of the following best describes a microcontroller in the context of CPS nodes?

A microcontroller is best described as a low-power processor optimized for embedded applications, which makes it ideal for cyber-physical systems (CPS) nodes. These nodes are typically designed to perform specific tasks such as data collection, sensor processing, and basic decision-making while consuming minimal energy.

Microcontrollers integrate a CPU, memory, and peripheral interfaces into a single chip, enabling them to execute control functions in various embedded systems. Their low-power nature allows them to run on battery-operated devices or in environments where efficient energy management is crucial. This characteristic is particularly important in CPS, where many nodes may operate in real-time and require constant communication with other devices while maintaining energy efficiency.

In contrast, high-performance computing devices are more suited for complex computation tasks and are not typically used for the streamlined, resource-constrained environments of CPS nodes. Similarly, storage components and communication interfaces serve distinct functions, such as storing data or facilitating communication between devices, but they do not encompass the functionalities of a microcontroller.