Which method integrates renewable energy sources into CPS Node Architecture?

The integration of renewable energy sources into Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Node Architecture is effectively achieved through the use of smart inverters. Smart inverters play a crucial role in enabling the connection of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to the electrical grid. They are designed to convert direct current (DC) produced by renewable energy systems into alternating current (AC) that can be used by the grid or consumed by appliances.

Beyond simple conversion, smart inverters also provide advanced functionalities, such as grid support services. They can manage power factor correction, voltage regulation, and frequency support, which are essential for maintaining the stability and reliability of the grid when incorporating variable renewable resources. Additionally, smart inverters can facilitate communication between the renewable energy source and the grid, allowing for real-time monitoring and adjustments to optimize energy flow and enhance overall system efficiency.

While the other options, such as smart meters, energy storage solutions, and battery management systems, contribute to energy management and efficiency in their own contexts, they do not inherently provide the specialized integration capabilities that smart inverters offer for renewable energy sources. Smart meters facilitate monitoring and billing, energy storage solutions help balance supply and demand, and battery management systems ensure safe and efficient operation of battery