What does interoperability in CPS Node Architecture ensure?

Interoperability in CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems) Node Architecture is crucial for ensuring seamless communication among different systems. This concept implies that various hardware and software components can work together effectively, regardless of their manufacturer or the technology used.

By facilitating this seamless communication, interoperability allows various systems within a smart grid, for example, to share data and coordinate their actions. This capability is essential for optimizing performance, improving efficiency, and enabling real-time decision-making in energy management systems. When systems can communicate without barriers, they can respond dynamically to changes in energy demand and supply, leading to better resource utilization.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of interoperability. Higher energy tariffs and increased hardware costs are unrelated concepts that do not stem directly from being able to communicate effectively among systems. Standardization of energy sources, while important, does not cover the broader aspect of varied systems interacting fluidly, which is the core of what interoperability entails.